Résumé
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Floods
that happen
in urban
areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence
structures
demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk
culture and
finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization
through
adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery
strategies.While managing the flood risk in urban areas,
the priority is to minimize flood damages. The new holistic approach is
based
on resilience concept. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a
first
step. Through operational flood risk management has as benefit
resilience. The
potential of implementing resilience in urban flood management can
provide a
increased cost-effective component. Decrease of flood damages expresses
increase efficiency and cost effectiveness of applied solution. This
brings
adds additional performance to flood risk management. Multidisciplinary
approach that is provided by the resilience concept join forces of
technical
(structural) and measures on economic, environmental, social and
institutional
level. If established, flood resilient communities have effective means
to
increase adaptation capacity regarding flooding processes. The main
reflection
is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk
management
(FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice
the
level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood
risk. As
defined here the main elements (i) flood, (ii) vulnerability and (iii)
exposure
are the main elements. Using the evaluation principles the FRM
framework is
evaluated regarding achieved readiness level considering its elements,
level of
integration and implementation. If the readiness level is achieved the
FRM can
be developed in order to be moved towards resiliency. The
presented case studies in Europe and Asia
all of different approaches and possibilities to
evaluate resilience attributes as well as capacity of these urban
systems
regarding flooding processes. The differences in urban flooding
problems in
European and Asian cities vary from levels of economic development,
infrastructure age, social systems and decision-making processes, to
establish
drainage methods, seasonality of rainfall patterns and climate change
trends.
Assessing flood resilience involves in equation flood damage, risk
perception
and vulnerability analysis. A role of resilience in sustainable
development
becomes significant. Developed methodology analyses urban system
through
different scales and elements (urban city functions and services). The
purpose
is to minimize the flood damages if possible. In most of the causes
damages
driven by floods can be minimized if urban system: already have
implemented
some of the existing active and passive protection measures, a
community within
the system is able to organize itself and to prevent more damages, the
shape of
a system is adapted to receive some disturbance, being able to learn
from past
events. Differences between urban systems analyzed in this thesis
differ in
many ways. Differences in case study areas start form different
institutional
organization. The priority made in the existing FRM frameworks differs
in
Europe and Asia. The level of
urbanization and
level of available assets in the analyzed cities is not the same. This
contributes to different level of disturbances made during and after
flood and
make reflection on flood resilience in urban systems. A
very important thing is existing risk
culture among analyzed areas. The level of economic preparedness
differs and it
is noticeable that even there are available financial resources. The
developed
method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to
any
urban system on any geographic scale. Connections and dependences
between main
city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process)
have to
be defined. With its implementation, social, economic, political and
cultural
relations between cities will be more visible and better established.
The
approach should uncover the role of physical components of urban system
and
population in relation to urban flooding processes. A further strategy
focuses
on simulation of community losses and recovery measures. As a major
challenge
that faces urban systems nowadays, the research on resilience
prioritizes in
following years. A key recommendation proposes: improving resilience
determines
urban patterns, which are matching with optimal water distribution,
waste
collection, energy distribution, etc. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI)
is
developed as unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in
urban
systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is
done on
micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is
evaluated
on macro scale.
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